Description Of Key Theories And Ideas Essay - 1033 Words

Description of Key Theories and Ideas Motivation During his lifetime, Abraham Maslow s work revolved around studying motivation and needs. He was the creator of the theory of motivation. This theory was originated off of the idea of having self-actualizing needs that have to be fulfilled. There is a difference in classification of these needs, with there being lower and higher needs. This difference created what is known as the hierarchy of needs (Sheehy, Chapman, Conroy, 1997; Wilson, 1972). These include physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, self-actualization- holistic dynamic theory (Dobbert Mackey, 2015; Maslow, 1971; Sheehy, Chapman, Conroy, 1997). The lowest needs have to be satisfied to reach the higher needs (Sheehy, Chapman, Conroy, 1997). These lower needs are known as basic needs, and they are what drive humans to self-actualize (Dobbert Mackey, 2015; Wilson, 1972). The first of these lower needs is physiological needs, such as hunger and thirst. Next is safety needs, or desire to feel secure and free from harm. After comes love needs, which are also known as belongingness needs. These needs are met when one feels as though they have people who need them. Next, esteem needs are fulfilled when they are able to gain a satisfying image of themselves. Finally, the last need is self-actualization, or the desire to reach one s fullest capacity in life (Sheehy, Chapman, Conroy, 1997; Taormina Gao, 2013; Wilson, 1972). Satisfying theShow MoreRelatedChild Observation: Middle Childhood1388 Words   |  6 PagesDEVELOPMENTS | |[pic] [pic] | |BIOSOCIAL |Brief Description of Example | |Body Changes |1.Around the age of 6, there is a slowing down of the rate of growthRead MoreCoaches Based On The Principle Of The Path Goal Theory885 Words   |  4 Pageswill again be revisited. However the aim for this assignment will be to evaluate the actions of the two coaches based on the principle of the path-goal theory. An analysis of each coaches’ integration of key considerations of the theory will be provided. The coaches’ approach will then be compared to the principles of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory and their results reviewed from the LMX perspective. As a conclusion to this paper each coaches’ approach will be summarized, leadership styles identifiedRead MoreDifferent Organizational Theories That Can Be Applied On Public Administration970 Words   |  4 PagesOutcome: I have learned about different organizational theories that can be applied in public administration. I can name representatives and main ideas of the class ical, the behavioral, the administration as politics approaches and describe key points of postmodernism, poststructuralism. I think this fundamental knowledge is very helpful for further study and for practical application. Application: †¨ †¢ LO: I will learn to apply organizational theory in the practical activity of nonprofit organizationsRead MorePolicing Perspective: Theory and Application679 Words   |  3 PagesPolicing Perspective Theory and Application: Policing basically entails the use of a series of processes with particular social functions that makes it a necessity in any given social order. As a fundamental aspect of social order, policing can be conducted by various processes and institutional arrangements or plans. In most cases, policing is carried out by the police, which is a state-organized specialist organization. Due to its incorporation of social functions and use for social order,Read MoreComparing and Contrasting NCUs Concept Paper Requirements for Qualitative and or Quantitative Papers1409 Words   |  6 Pagesalways have a title, a table of content, an introduction, problem statement, the purpose of the study, and research questions (Northcentral University - School of Education, 2010). Secondly, the concept paper should also offer a hypothesis, define key terms, offer literature reviews, and provide research methods used in the paper (Northcentral University - School of Education, 2010). Moreover, any concept paper should always specify data collection methods and analysis and offer an operational definitionRead MoreResearch A Local Business ( Universities )1058 Words   |  5 Pages CONTEXT 1. Introduction 3 2. Theory 3 3. Requirements 3 4. 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Main contribution of the deductive studies is not so much to off classifications of particular countries, but rather to offer descriptions of the key features of national accounting systems and to suggest which factors are influential in their development. Disadvantages: 1. Idea or theory is vague biased or outdated. The theory may be subjective orRead MoreManagement and Business Plan1523 Words   |  7 PagesObjective: Human Resource information system | | Apply the theories reviewed in class related to analyzing an HR function and determining the type of HRIS application necessary to automate and create a strategic alliance for this HR department. Students will have an opportunity to apply theoretical concepts to a professional business application. | | Guidelines for All Papers | | * This project is completed in three stages. * The first two assignments (Stages I and II of the project)Read MoreRelationship Between Theory And Application Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesUndoubtedly, there is an unswerving relationship between the theory and its application. Theory offers direction in research, and its application affords a baseline for research. In the following text, the relationship between theory and application and the manner in which a theory guides practices is espoused upon. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to show how research and theory are connected and how both serve as models for good practice in finding the appropriate information that allows

Things Fall Apart, And The Heart Of Darkness - 1518 Words

Introduction The following essay will contain a critical analysis of two passages from Things Fall Apart, and the Heart of Darkness. I will compare and contrast the narrative structure, the language used and the themes explored. Through this critical analysis, we can gain a better understanding of the two extracts, each one helping to illuminate the other. The passages I will be analysing are: Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe, Page 124 Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad, Page 116-117 Narrative Structure Narrative Voice, Point of View: Focalisation Conrad writes in first person homodiegetic narrative whereas Achebe writes in third person heterodiegetic narrative. First person narrative is generally always a subjective perspective with internal focalisation in that we are in Conrad’s narrators mind as we get to hear his feelings opinions, evaluation, analysis etc. Third person on the other hand can be either subjective or objective. Achebe’s passage employs an objective perspective, almost like there is a camera set and we are ‘watching’ the events unfold, an external focalisation. These two contrasting voices present a different story to the reader as we mentally place ourselves in the scenes in different ways. Characterisation, Narration and Dialogue Conrad relays events in this passage with no dialogue; it reads like a monologue. Conversely, Achebe employs dialogue and conversation between characters. Naturally, this gives the two pieces a different feel. The thoughts,Show MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart And Heart Of Darkness952 Words   |  4 PagesIn both Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness Achebe and Conrad depict an Africa that is invaded by foreign elements, centering on conflict between foreign victors and the indigenous population. For instance, the intruders in Things Fall Apart implement an alien government system, and imposing their cultural norms on a tribal society, and then punishing them for their cultural background and spiritual rituals. In Heart of Darkness the novel is told from the perspective of Marlow, a steam ship captainRead MoreThe Heart Of Darkness And Things Fall Apart1585 Words   |  7 PagesKirkus review speak about Things Fall Apart, â€Å"This book sings with the terrible silence of dead civili zations in which once there was valor.† This novel is the incredibly powerful story of an Ibo Brave Man, Okonkwo, and his tribe’s fall fromgrace. It is impossible to read this novel without feeling the powerful passion, tragedy, and courage involved in the story. The Guardian says of Heart of Darkness, â€Å"Despite his protestations, this is undeniably an invaluable historical document offering a glimpseRead MoreHeart Of Darkness And Things Fall Apart1580 Words   |  7 PagesHeart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart illustrate the different ways of presenting Africa in literature. In Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad shows Africa through the perspective of the colonizing Europeans, who tend to depict all the natives as savages. In response to Conrad s stereotypical depiction of Africans, Chinua Achebe wrote Things Fall Apart through the point of view of the natives to show Africans, not as primitives, but as members of a thriving society. Things Fall Apart follows Okon kwoRead MoreThings Fall Apart And Heart Of Darkness Analysis910 Words   |  4 PagesCompare Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart with Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness In everyday life, we are always comparing, even subconsciously with even knowing it. When we compare things, we look at what the similarities are in said items such as a popular brand or a generic one. Comparing things such as two literary works, Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, and, Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Conrad, both have a lot of similarities that we will look at. In Things Fall Apart, it is about a man namedRead MoreComparing Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness710 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness Todays society contains stories that model the ideal life that each individual lives each day. Stories may shape our mind in creative and positive ways that may enlighten the road towards the future. They have been examples for us to survive by and thrive on for decades: in the past, and now, continuing in the future. People around the world have been told stories that may have influenced their lives in a unique way. Children long toRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart1346 Words   |  6 Pagespre-colonial period. Things Fall Apart is a novel worth reading because it’s eye opener for those with not-very-positive stereotypes of the continent. In fact, it has been said that Things Fall Apart was written as a response to another novel, The Heart of Darkness. This is because in the latter novel, Africa was viewed in a darker light compared to the former novel. Thus, it’s natural that there will be differences and similarities between t he two novels. However, assuming that Things Fall Apart being writtenRead MoreCultural Collisions in Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart902 Words   |  4 PagesHeart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart both take place in the imperialist era. Authors Joseph Conrad and Chinua Achebe, respectively, created main characters that came from different continents, but experienced similar cultural clashes. Although Marlow and Okonkwo have different lifestyles, they are both led to question their identities and make life-defining decisions. The most prominent difference between Marlow and Okonkwo is their cultural backgrounds. Marlow has no family, only his shipmatesRead MoreThings Fall Apart vs. Heart of Darkness Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican Colonization through Literature: Things Fall Apart Vs. Heart of Darkness History is an extraordinary mix of truth and fiction. The dichotomy that is bred from different historic al perspectives opens the eyes of those who study history to the semi-fabricated nature of much of humanities past. For most of recorded history, events have been recorded and retold through the eyes of the victors. Only recently have people had the opportunity to view both sides of issues. The Western practiceRead MoreCritical Review - Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart1686 Words   |  7 PagesOne World, Two Stories Conrad’s â€Å"Heart of Darkness† and Achebe’s â€Å"Things Fall Apart† are two significant and well-known works treating colonialism in Africa. When reading these two stories, one cannot help but realize that though the two authors are making two separate points about two groups, Africans and Europeans, they both have somewhat of the same theme. In Achebe’s â€Å"Things Fall Apart† and Conrad’s â€Å"Heart of Darkness†, the theme seems to be acceptance. Both main characters, Okonkwo and MarlowRead MoreConflict in Conrads Heart of Darkness and Achebes Things Fall Apart960 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad are very different from one another. While they each tell a very different story, we know that both take place in Africa and that they do have similarities. One of the similarities that each novel has is the main character struggling in both. Marl ow is morally fighting a conflict. On the other hand, Okonkwo is physically trying to fight conflict. Both result in the main character losing his battle with the

The Case for Multicultural Education Free Essays

The Case for Multicultural Education Venica Blythe Diversity and Achievement EDU507. 90 Prof. Joseph Paige The Case for Multicultural Education Who am I? I am a Female, I am Black, I am Jamaican, and I speak Patois (Jamaican dialect). We will write a custom essay sample on The Case for Multicultural Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now All the things I just mentioned are just a fraction of who but these same things have been used on numerous occasions to form a stereotype against me. I am also a mother, wife, and an educator. None of the things that I have listed will by itself adequately tell you who I am, but as I stand before you today I want you to understand fully my purpose for being here. My name is Venica Blythe and I am here to promote multicultural education in all our schools curricula. Being an educator for well over a decade I have come to realization that there is a great need for Multicultural Education (ME) Banks (1994) recommended a multicultural curriculum that would teach minority ethnic groups how to free themselves from psychological captivity, stress social action, acquire humanistic dispositions toward all ethnic groups, realize power and ethnic identity without being chauvinistic and ethnocentric, and acquire the national identity and skills necessary to participate completely in the society. What is Multicultural Education? Multicultural Education (ME) can be defined as developing a curriculum that will incorporate all facets of the varied races and cultures that are found within any classroom. Such content will be taught through instruction designed for the cultures of the several different races in an educational system. Bennett (2011) estimates that â€Å"by the year 2020, children of color will exceed forty-five percent of the school-age population in the united Stated† (p. 16). It is because of such numbers why policy-makers and administrators can no longer pretend as if there is no need for educating both the students and the teachers. An ME will help to foster a reduction of fear and ignorance that exists in many races against people from diverse backgrounds. The Need for ME The case for a multicultural education is even greater as American schools continue to become more culturally diverse. The aim of a ME is to create equal educational opportunities for all students regardless of their race, ethnicity or culture. This can be achieved in such a way that it reflects diverse groups found in the society, schools and even in the classrooms (Banks, 1995, 1996; Gollnick Chinn, 1998). Sleeter and Grant (2006), Bennett (1990), Banks (1994), assert that the inclusion of ME in the curriculum of schools creates an atmosphere where racial attitudes and academic achievement are improved. Decades ago, the concept of ME emerged out of the civil rights era in the U. S. But I am here to tell you today that presently, in the 21st century the U. S. s not alone in the struggles to build a case for a multicultural education. The European continent, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and even Japan are just a few of the countries that now have to consider the implementation of ME. The effects of immigration and even natural disasters have resulted in these countries attempting to cope with the diversity that now exists in their society. To better prepare our student for the 21st century ME is not only for the primary level, colleges and universities must also play a critical role. A survey done by the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AACU), on diversity requirements done in August 2000, involved responses from 543 colleges and universities. In this survey, 62% of the respondents reported either already having a diversity requirement or being the in process of creating one. 83% of those institutions with requirements offer â€Å"one or more courses addressing diversity in the U. S. †, and 65% offer â€Å"one or more courses addressing diversity outside the U. S. †. These numbers are evidence that the issue of ME is being promoted throughout higher education; our college graduates MUST learn how to be effective and competitive in the 21st century by mastering the skills needed to work, live and build positive relationships with people from varying background. Conclusion Take Precious from the same titled 2009 movie, Precious (Daniels, Magness, Siegel-Magness, 2009) was an overweight, African American, teenage mom struggling to finish high school because of her illiteracy. As I watched the movie I remember thinking that many aspects of it was too crude, but the sad reality is, there are many Precious at the school where I teach. These Precious’s are from Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Dominica Republic, and Haiti – just to name a few of the different cultures we work with. As I work with these students I found my self often times forcing them to adapt to the American way, especially since as I was making an effort to do the same. Today, I say to you go back to your schools, go back to your jobs or even your communities and make an effort to know that student, know that person that you have been avoiding or the student that you seemingly find difficult to deal with and seek to understand what their â€Å"Sparks† are – what is it that student loves to do. Multicultural education can help to develop the sparks in all our students; it will help them to learn how to embrace the differences that lies within them and others. According to Gabelko and Michaelis (1981) and Lynch (1987), the reduction-of-prejudice dimension of ME is geared toward helping students acquire more democratic values, behaviors, and attitudes. According to the National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP; 1996), ME should be considered in connection with the school’s curriculum, instructional practices, and staffing. In the end, education ought to equip students for the interdependency life of the 21st century (NASSP, 1996, p. 68). How do you plan to equip yourselves and your students for the 21st century? References: Banks, J. A. (1994). An Introduction to Multicultural Education. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Banks, J. A. (1995). Multicultural education: Historical, development, dimensions, and practice. In J. A. Banks and C. A. McGee-Banks (Eds. ), Handbook of research on multicultural education (pp. 3-24). New York: MacMillan. Bennett, C. (2011). Comprehensive Multicultural Education: Theory and Practice. (Seventh Edition) Boston: Pearson. Bennett, C. I. (1990). Comprehensive Multicultural Education: Theory and practice (2nd ed. ). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Daniels, L. , Magness, G. , Siegel-Magness, Sarah (Producers), Daniels, L. Director). (2009). Precious: Based on the novel Push by Sapphire [Motion picture]. United States: Lionsgate. Gabelko, N. H. , Michaelis, J. U. (1981). Reducing adolescent prejudice: A handbook. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Gollnick, D. M. and Chinn, P. C. (1998). Multicultural education in a pluralistic society (fifth edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lynch, J. (1987). Prejudice reduction and the schools. New York, NY: Nichols. Sleeter, C. E. , Grant, C. (2006). Making choices for multicultural education: Five approaches to race, class, and gender (5th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. How to cite The Case for Multicultural Education, Essay examples

Human Cortical Neural Progenitors and Attenuates †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Human Cortical Neural Progenitors and Attenuates. Answer: Introduction: Zika virus is a type of mosquito Borne flavivirus. Zika virus is transmitted by the aedes mosquitoes. This virus is related to Dengue yellow fever and encephalitis. This virus was first identified at Uganda in 1947 in the monkey's which causes the yellow fever. It was later identified in 1952 in the humans of United Republic of Tanzania and Uganda it has also been recorded in Asia Africa and America. Generally the zika virus causes very mild symptoms such as mild fever, rash, conjunctivitis, joint pain, muscle pain or headache (Shankar, 2016). These symptoms generally stay for 2-7 days. The incubation period of the Zika virus is not known clearly but is it is assumed to be some few days of the incubation. ZIKV is a type of virus in the family of Flaviviridae of class Flavivirus, which additionally incorporates the main pathogen human Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and the Dengue virus (DENV). The genome of flavivirus is a RNA of 11 kilo bytes long which contains a 5 top structure however does not have a polyA tail. The RNA code for a long open chain which is converted into a protein was prepared by virus and has proteases into three basic and seven non-structural proteins (Lei et al., 2016). Non-structural protein 5 (NS5) is fundamental for the flaviviral RNA genome replication (Gourinat et al., 2015). The N-terminal bit of NS5 contains a methyl-transferase (MT), trailed by a short linker that associates with the RNA-subordinate RNA polymerase (RdRp). The MT includes the 5 RNA top structure to encourage interpretation of the polyprotein and to diminish elicitation of the host inborn invulnerable reaction. The RdRp starts RNA amalgamation by an all over again component wherein a sol itary nucleotide triphosphate fills in as a preliminary for nucleotide polymerization (Petersen et al., 2015). According to Chiramel and Best (2017), recent studies have suggested a role for autophagy in Zika infection (ZIKV) replication by showing the aggregation of autophagic vesicles after the ZIKV disease in both in vitro and in vivo models. In human fetal neural immature microorganisms, ZIKV restrains Akt-mTOR motioning to actuate autophagy, increment infection replication and block neurogenesis. In any case, autophagy additionally can possibly constrain ZIKV replication, with partitioned thinks about exhibiting antiviral parts for autophagy at the maternal-placental-fetal interface, and all the more particularly, at the endoplasmic reticulum where infection replication is set up in a tainted cell. Strangely, ZIKV (and related flaviviruses) has advanced particular components to overcome autophagy at the ER, hence exhibiting vital parts for these autophagic pathways in infection replication and host reaction (Lei et al., 2016). According to Tsunoda et al. (2016), ZIKV have direct neuro-tropism and neuro-virulence but does not have neuro-invasiveness. Intrauterine ZIKV disease (viral pathology) has been connected to an expanded frequency of microencephaly, following ZIKV contamination is likely insusceptible interceded. Clinically, in ZIKV disease, antibodies against different flaviviruses, for example, DENV, have been identified; these are the antibodies that can cross-respond with ZIKV balance. In principle, such non-killing antibodies are created to the detriment of diminished generation of killing antibodies (Tsunoda et al., 2016). While the non-killing antibodies can likewise upgrade viral replication in Fc receptor (FcR)- bearing cells by means of immunizer subordinate improvement (ADE). Here, we propose three potential parts of the neutralizer interceded pathogenesis of ZIKV contamination: ZIKV-immune response complex is taken up at nerve endings and transported to neurons in the focal sensory system (CNS), from here the infection can enter the CNS without intersecting the barrier of blood and brain. Panchaud et al. (2016) stated that the current accessible proof backings the presence of a causal connection between pre-birth Zika infection disease and microcephaly and different genuine cerebrum peculiarities. Microcephaly can be caused by a few components, and its clinical course and anticipation are hard to foresee. Different pathogens with demonstrated teratogenicity have been recognized some time before the current ZIKV plague. In spite of the developing number of cases with maternal indications of contamination and additionally nearness of ZIKV in tissues of influenced babies or embryos, it is as of now hard to evaluate the extent of increment of microcephaly pervasiveness in Brazil, and also the part of different factors in the advancement of inborn neurological conditions (Tang et al., 2016). In the interim, wellbeing offices and therapeutic associations have issued wary rules prompting medicinal services specialists and hopeful couples making a trip to, coming back from, o r living in influenced regions. Undifferentiated from dengue infection (DENV) plagues, ZIKV can possibly wind up noticeably endemic in all nations swarmed by Aedes mosquitoes, while new changes could affect viral replication in people, prompting expanded harmfulness and subsequently elevated odds of viral transmission to extra credulous mosquito vectors. Studies are critically expected to answer the inquiries encompassing ZIKV and its part in inherent neurological conditions (Zhang et al., 2017). According to Musso (2014), the sporadic human diseases were accounted for in Africa and Asia. In 2007, the main expansive archived ZIKV episode was accounted for from Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia. No further transmission was distinguished in the Pacific until October 2013, when French Polynesia (FP) revealed the primary cases; an ensuing hazardous episode brought about an expected 28 000 cases looking for restorative care. Phylogenetic examinations exhibited that the FP strain was firmly identified with Cambodia 2010 and Yap State 2007 strains, authenticating past discoveries of the development of the ZIKV Asian ancestry. Amid the FP episode, most clinical cases gave gentle malady described by poor quality fever, maculopapular rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis. No extreme sickness coming about because of ZIKV contamination had been accounted for preceding the FP episode, yet past clinical portrayal depended on a set number of affirmed cases. The current fleeting and s patial relationship between the FP ZIKV episode and the exceptionally strange GBS bunch is extremely suspicious, however does not affirm ZIKV as the antigenic jolt inclining to this immune system sickness. Following the FP episode in late 2013, there were resulting flare-ups in New Caledonia, the Cook Islands, and Easter Island. As a result of the regularly gentle clinical indications, constrained ZIKV analytic limit, and covering clinical highlights of ZIKV, dengue, and chikungunya, which are likewise flowing in the Pacific, we trust that continuous and undetected ZIKV transmission in other Pacific island nations, and possibly past, is profoundly plausible. The perception that serious clinical intricacies may happen features the need to reinforce reconnaissance for this developing infection, and, in case of a ZIKV episode, set up thorough clinical observing to distinguish GBS or other bizarre clinical indications. Freire et al. (2014) had studied the molecular evolution of zika virus by investigating 37 Zika virus isolates that were collected from Senegal and six different countries. Samples collected that are utilized as a part of this examination. Monkey and human strains were acquired separately in 1979 and 1991 in Senegal amid routine observation. None of the information was specifically derived from human or creature tests but instead from cell culture supernatant. Along these lines every one of the specimens was mysterious and just reference numbers were utilized amid the investigation that began this examination. Viral contamination was affirmed following seven days of engendering by a roundabout immuno-fluorescence measure utilizing particular hyper-invulnerable mouse ascitic liquid, as portrayed already. Cultures supernatants were gathered for RNA isolation. Then the RNA was extracted by gel electrophoresis and was eluted by AVE buffer and then stored at -80C for further use. Then cDN A was synthesized and PCR was done for the amplification of the viral RNA. For the amplification cDNA is mixed with the buffer, primers, dNTPs, MgCl2 and Taq polymerase. After the amplification the phylogenetic analysis is done it was found that some of the countries from West Africa show the emergence of the Zika virus during the 20th century. In the year 2015, Musso et al., proved the sexual transmission of the Zika virus by the help of a man who had the symptoms of the Zika infection such as low fever, asthenia and arthralgia. They collected the blood and the semen samples ans tested for teh confirmation of hematospermia. They extracted RNA from 200L of blood and 500L of semen, and then were eluted by a 50L of the elution buffer. From this 5L of RNA was extracted for doing the amplification. The samples were then tested by doing RT-PCR using the primers specific of the Zika virus. The results shows that there are positive signs of Zika virus in semen but there are no virus in the blood. Thus it can be proved that the Zika can be transmitted sexually. Cauchemez et al. (2016) studied the emergence of the Zika virus in America has increased rate of microencephaly with the birth of the babies. They reflectively analysed the information from a Zika virus epidemic in French Polynesia, which was the biggest archived flare-up before that in the Americas. They utilized serological and observation information to gauge the likelihood of contamination with Zika infection for every seven day stretch of the plague and looked restorative records to recognize all instances of microencephaly from September, 2013, to July, 2015. Simple models were utilized to evaluate times of hazard in pregnancy when Zika infection may expand the danger of microencephaly and gauge the related hazard. From the study it was found that the Zika virus epidemic was started in October, 2013, and finished in April, 2014, and 66% (95% CI 62 70) of the overall public were contaminated. Of the eight microencephaly cases recognized amid the 23-month think about period, seve n (88%) happened in the 4-month time span March 1 to July 10, 2014. The planning of these cases was best clarified by a time of hazard in the main trimester of pregnancy. In this model, the standard pervasiveness of microencephaly was two cases (95% CI 0 8) per 10?000 neonates, and the danger of microencephaly connected with Zika infection disease was 95 cases (34 191) per 10?000 ladies tainted in the primary trimester. We couldn't preclude an expanded danger of microencephaly from contamination in different trimesters; however models that avoided the principal trimester were not supported by the information. Gourinat et al. (2015) described the presence of Zika virus in the urine samples. They have collected some urine samples from 6 peoples who are suffering from the Zika virus infection. To detect the ZIKV in the urine samples firstly RNA was extracted from 200 L of urine, then they use the sets of specific primers for ZIKV. A standard curve was obtained with the serial dilutions of a Zika virus stock of known concentrations. All the urine samples were also being tested for the dengue and chikungunya virus infections by using RT-PCR and it showed negative results. Then the urine samples that were taken from the patients showed a positive result for ZIKV. Some urine samples were also taken from 6 healthy persons that were also assessed and it showed the negative results. Conclusion In general, since there are no particular medicines for Zika infection disease, and in addition for other developing arbo-viruses of general wellbeing significance, the viable control of mosquito vectors with eco-accommodating instruments is of pivotal significance. Natural control programs against mosquito youthful instars depend on the arrival of savage amphibian life forms, and this system is as often as possible not reasonable in the greater part of urban conditions misused by hatchlings of some Aedes species, accordingly additionally look into is required (Benelli, 2016). Be that as it may, the utilize of organic control operators of mosquito youthful instars in nearness of ultra-low amounts of plant-integrated metal and carbon nanoparticles, may prompt the effective decrease of vector populaces, since the sub-deadly dosages of these nano-formulations are lethal towards the Culicidae, yet not to their regular adversaries. Other than the utilization of manufactured and plant-born e anti-agents to dodge Culicidae nibbles, and also the exemplary pesticide-based control programs focusing on mosquito youthful instars, facilitate viable alternatives will incorporate radiation, transgenic and symbiont-based control approaches (Fauci Morens, 2016). Likewise, the utilization of organic control specialists of mosquito eggs, hatchlings and pupae, in nearness of ultra-low amounts of bioreduced nanoparticles, which help their predation rates, appears to be encouraging. Further researches are to be done to get the correct idea of the use of chemical compound and decision elements in mosquito vectors is required. Additionally behavioral examinations dismembering the relative significance of visual (with uncommon reference to swarming historic points), vibrational, olfactory and material signals are seen during swarming and mating. This is of essential significance to permit the compelling uses of swarming control (the "lure and kill" approach), pheromone traps and sound traps. References Benelli, G. (2016). Spread of Zika virus: the key role of mosquito vector control.Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine,6(6), 468-471. Chiramel, A. I., Best, S. M. (2017). Role of Autophagy in Zika Virus Infection and Pathogenesis.Virus Research. Fauci, A. S., Morens, D. M. (2016). Zika virus in the Americasyet another arbovirus threat.New England Journal of Medicine,374(7), 601-604. Goodnough, L. T., Marques, M. B. (2017). Zika Virus and Patient Blood Management.Anesthesia Analgesia,124(1), 282-289. Gourinat, A. C., OConnor, O., Calvez, E., Goarant, C., Dupont-Rouzeyrol, M. (2015). Detection of Zika virus in urine.Emerging infectious diseases,21(1), 84. Lei, J., Hansen, G., Nitsche, C., Klein, C. D., Zhang, L., Hilgenfeld, R. (2016). Crystal structure of Zika virus NS2B-NS3 protease in complex with a boronate inhibitor. Science, 353(6298), 503-505. Panchaud, A., Stojanov, M., Ammerdorffer, A., Vouga, M., Baud, D. (2016). Emerging role of Zika virus in adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes.Clinical microbiology reviews,29(3), 659-694. Petersen, L. R., Jamieson, D. J., Powers, A. M., Honein, M. A. (2016). Zika virus.New England Journal of Medicine,374(16), 1552-1563. Shankar, P. S. (2016). Zika virus infection.RGUHS Journal of Medical Sciences,6(2), 53-54. Tang, H., Hammack, C., Ogden, S. C., Wen, Z., Qian, X., Li, Y., ... Christian, K. M. (2016). Zika virus infects human cortical neural progenitors and attenuates their growth management. Cell stem cell, 18(5), 587-590. Tsunoda, I., Omura, S., Sato, F., Kusunoki, S., Fujita, M., Park, A. M., ... Nagata, S. (2016). Neuropathogenesis of Zika Virus Infection: Potential Roles of Antibody-Mediated Pathology.Acta medica Kinki University,41(2), 37. Zhang, B., Pinsky, B. A., Ananta, J. S., Zhao, S., Arulkumar, S., Wan, H., ... Tang, M. (2017). Diagnosis of Zika virus infection on a nanotechnology platform.Nature Medicine,23(5), 548-550. Musso, D., Nilles, E. J., Cao?Lormeau, V. M. (2014). Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area.Clinical Microbiology and Infection,20(10). Faye, O., Freire, C. C., Iamarino, A., Faye, O., de Oliveira, J. V. C., Diallo, M., Zanotto, P. M. (2014). Molecular evolution of Zika virus during its emergence in the 20th century.PLoS neglected tropical diseases,8(1), e2636. Cauchemez, S., Besnard, M., Bompard, P., Dub, T., Guillemette-Artur, P., Eyrolle-Guignot, D., ... Fontanet, A. (2016). Association between Zika virus and microcephaly in French Polynesia, 201315: a retrospective study.The Lancet,387(10033), 2125-2132. Musso, D., Roche, C., Robin, E., Nhan, T., Teissier, A., Cao-Lormeau, V. M. (2015). Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus.Emerging infectious diseases,21(2), 359. Gourinat, A. C., OConnor, O., Calvez, E., Goarant, C., Dupont-Rouzeyrol, M. (2015). Detection of Zika virus in urine.Emerging infectious diseases,21(1), 84.

Radiohead - Kid A free essay sample

It was called the weirdest number one album of theyear by Rolling Stone magazine, has been named the best album of the yearby many major music publications and was nominated for four Grammy Awards (andwon for Best Alternative Music Performance), all without a released single orvideo. It is incredible that an album can receive all that recognition todaywithout MTV or radio coverage, which indicates the strength of Radioheads fanbase. Radioheads fourth LP, Kid A, entered the chartsworldwide at number one. This album is experimental for Radiohead, as it reliesmore on technology than their previous three albums do. It highlights theinnovative style of the extremely talented Johnny Greenwood, who plays manyinstruments. One of the negatives of this album is that Thom Yorkes incrediblevoice is not heard enough. But, like earlier albums, it includes slower songs,such as How To Disappear Completely and Motion PictureSoundtrack, as well as more upbeat ones like Optimistic andIdioteque. We will write a custom essay sample on Radiohead Kid A or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The band even includes a horn section in TheNational Anthem. I would agree that this is one of the best albumsof the year, but I cannot say it is Radioheads best. Although it is great, thisEnglish band has produced better.

Free Essays on The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American

Truth In Distance In his essay, â€Å"The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American†, James Baldwin writes about how he personally came about discovering his true identity. One of the first things he says is, â€Å"I left America because I doubted my ability to survive the fury of the color problem here. I wanted to prevent myself from becoming†¦ merely a negro writer. I wanted to find in what way the specialness of my experience could be made to connect me with other people instead of dividing me from them† (Baldwin 46). Baldwin thinks he hates America. I think that he is instead blinded by the constant discrimination he faced growing up in 1950’s New York. During all those years he just listened, and he was never taught how to deal with it all. When he realizes that putting distance between himself and the country he hates is a good idea, then he has started the road to recovery. At this point he is about to undergo a big psychological change, much like I’ve been doing during these past six months. I think that this change I have made, while a good distance away from home, is similar to the one Baldwin experienced before discovering his identity. Baldwin couldn’t take the growing racial tensions in 1950’s America. â€Å"I was as isolated from negroes as I was from whites, which is what happens when a negro begins, at bottom, to believe what white people say about him† (46). He left for France in hopes of finding inspiration in a less discriminating place. I think that if he had remained in America, the country that he thought he hated, then it would destroy him before realized the deeper attachment he had to his country. I think there is an important lesson right here: You’ve got to live for the moment, otherwise you’ll never know what big opportunities you could miss. Baldwin says, â€Å"I found my experience was shared by every American writer I knew in Paris. Like me they had been divorced from the... Free Essays on The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American Free Essays on The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American Truth In Distance In his essay, â€Å"The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American†, James Baldwin writes about how he personally came about discovering his true identity. One of the first things he says is, â€Å"I left America because I doubted my ability to survive the fury of the color problem here. I wanted to prevent myself from becoming†¦ merely a negro writer. I wanted to find in what way the specialness of my experience could be made to connect me with other people instead of dividing me from them† (Baldwin 46). Baldwin thinks he hates America. I think that he is instead blinded by the constant discrimination he faced growing up in 1950’s New York. During all those years he just listened, and he was never taught how to deal with it all. When he realizes that putting distance between himself and the country he hates is a good idea, then he has started the road to recovery. At this point he is about to undergo a big psychological change, much like I’ve been doing during these past six months. I think that this change I have made, while a good distance away from home, is similar to the one Baldwin experienced before discovering his identity. Baldwin couldn’t take the growing racial tensions in 1950’s America. â€Å"I was as isolated from negroes as I was from whites, which is what happens when a negro begins, at bottom, to believe what white people say about him† (46). He left for France in hopes of finding inspiration in a less discriminating place. I think that if he had remained in America, the country that he thought he hated, then it would destroy him before realized the deeper attachment he had to his country. I think there is an important lesson right here: You’ve got to live for the moment, otherwise you’ll never know what big opportunities you could miss. Baldwin says, â€Å"I found my experience was shared by every American writer I knew in Paris. Like me they had been divorced from the...

Political Science - American National Government Essay - 1

Political Science - American National Government - Essay Example Citizens should be ready to sacrifice their liberty for the sake of their security. I am, therefore, ready to sacrifice my right to live a free life, and enable the government put measures towards achieving a secure environment. My parents are dedicated democrats. They have been democrats for a long time. They have natured me, in a neutral political environment, giving me the chance to choose the political party that I advocate for, according to what I see in the party. My parents’ political opinions and attitudes did not and still do not affect my own political opinions. They brought me up to stand up for myself and support what I believe to be right. Though, we at many times disagree over our political opinions and stands they have never tried to change what I believe in, but they advise me when they see that I am backing the wrong idea. There are several people, who have influenced my political opinions. In the political arena, I see martin Luther king as a person, who stood for his political opinions and paid the price with his life. The legend advocated for the rights of the black community and successfully made his voice heard all over the globe. The current president of the United States is the other political icon that influences my political opinions. President Barrack Obama is a man who pushes for what he wants to achieve. His agenda is clearly to make America to be a fair and just country where citizens live in a peace and harmony. I watch television programs for two hours a day. This makes an average total of 14 hours a week. The television offers various insights to the world of politic. Different politicians express their opinions and political decisions using television as the medium of communication to the citizens. The television can affect or directs one’s political opinions. Though, I watch a lot of television news, documentaries and other entertainment channels,

Vietnam War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Vietnam War - Research Paper Example in O’Brien’s â€Å"The Things They Carried†, but the author illustrates the base that Kiley used to be at in â€Å"The Sweetheart of Song Tra Bong†, which is comparable to the base at the Khe Sanh. O’Brien’s intention in the book is to portray on how the war changes people and even if we know the story, what happens inside their minds is still impossible to â€Å"truly† understand. O’Brien writes, â€Å"Fine with me. But you don’t know human nature. You don’t know Nam† (O’Brien 97). The author wants to emphasize that while people strive to understand each other, this attempt would only be limited to personal opinion, and there can be no truth in every individual understanding. O’Brien adds, â€Å"He couldn’t pin it down; her body seemed foreign somehow – too stiff in places, too firm where the softness should be† (99). It appears that the author is trying to evaluate the re sponses of people in the war against his personal views on how people should really behave during a war scene. But as aforementioned, the Battle of the Khe Sanh is one of the most controversial wars in history. Why? The war shows evidence of the fabrication of the American national identity. There are many misrepresentations of facts, particularly in the socio-cultural and political dimensions of the war. In order to obtain control over the infiltration routes south of the Demilitarized Zone and near the Ho Chi Minh Trail, the former French outpost along Khe Sanh was walled and nearly 6 thousand Americans and South Vietnamese were designated in order to secure the base (Browne, â€Å"Battlefields of the Khe Sanh†). In the succeeding passages, the display of horrific scenes including more than 150,000 projectiles and more than 100,000 pounds of explosive ordinance were released on the encompassing hillsides of once silent village of Khe Sanh (Clarke 185). The lush foliage will never go back to the valley that surrounded Khe Sanh and the pristine beauty that it used to have can no

Analysis of Critical Thinking Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Critical Thinking Skills - Assignment Example Here the student only focused on the Christian perspective on the vaccination of their daughters. He does not compare this perspective to other perspectives. On the third critical thinking skill, I would grade the student as weak (0). He did not gather any additional evidence apart from the article. It appears that the student did not do further research on the subject or use his knowledge from other sources. On the fourth critical thinking skill, I would grade the student as partially developed (1). He only states the conclusion. The student does not offer any suggestions on how to improve the society’s current situation. On the first critical thinking skill, I would grade the student’s article as excellent (3). The student identifies both the problem at hand and the secondary problems that relate to it. The students also provide relevant solutions to the problem. Additionally, the student is well organized in how he discusses the issues raised. On the second critical thinking skill, I would grade the student as substantially developed (2). The student clearly identifies and compares different perspectives on the issue. He compares perspectives of different organizations, his gynecologist and from his own childhood experience. On the third critical thinking skill, I would grade the student as substantially developed (2). He analyzes the evidence from the article and compares it with evidences from other sources. He is not limited by the evidence provide in the article alone. He focusses on his childhood experience as well as his gynecologist’s medical perspective. On the fourth critical thinking skill, I would grade the student as excellent (3). The student puts his findings in the context of his community’s cultural understanding of the subject. He also provides relevant solutions on how to reduce HPV infections. This is through educating them about its vaccination. All the four critical thinking skills will be very

The Electrostatic Energy Harvesting Engineering Essay

The Electrostatic Energy Harvesting Engineering Essay this paper presents a general idea of the electrostatic energy harvesting devices. Their working principle, harvesting method and basic designs will be expounded. And another two new approaches, 2D energy harvester and non-resonant energy harvester with rolling mass will be shown. The 2D energy harvester can harvest energy in arbitrary directions in a plane. And non-resonant energy harvester with rolling mass shows its low frequency capability. It can harvest 0.5 Â µW at 10Hz. Further improvement of this design may applied to energy harvesting from human body motion. Introduction Generally, batteries are the most reliable power source for electronic devices. It is powerful, easy to use. However, it can only provide constant power for a limited period. After that, the batteries have to be changed. Therefore, for those devices that have large amount of number or in inaccessible position. Batteries are not suitable for them. Energy harvesting devices are one of the attractive options of these applications. Energy harvesters can harvest energy from different ambient sources such as solar, thermal and vibration. In these cases, solar is not a reliable source, temperature gradients are modest, vibration seems the more abundant, stable and predictable choices. Currently, three major methods apply to vibration energy harvesting, electromagnetic, electrostatic and piezoelectric mechanisms. Each technique has its own advantages. Lot of articles did research and provided good conclusion on them. [1-3] Electrostatic energy harvesting device has the lowest energy harvesting capabilities in these three mechanisms, but it has the most specific advantages. It facilitates CMOS integration [4]. That means it can realize self-power integrated circuits as an on-chip power source. It also environment protects. Unlike piezoelectric and electromagnetic counterparts that require exotic materials. Electrostatic devices are mainly made of silicon.[5] This paper will focus on the current electrostatic harvesting research. Its working principle and harvesting processes will be discussed in the first part. Some new approaches will also be presented. electrostatic harvesting Operating Principle The electrostatic harvesters harness the work done against the electrostatic force of a variable capacitor. In other words, the vibrations cause the gap distance or overlap area of a parallel plate capacitor to vary under constant charge or voltage condition. This causes the capacitance change of parallel plate capacitor and produces electrical energy. The fundamental definition is given by the formula below. C=Q/V (1) Where C is capacitance of variable capacitor in farads, Q is the charge on the plate in coulombs and V is the voltage on the plates in volts C=ÃŽ µ (A/d) (2) Where A is the overlap area of the plates in and d is the distance between the plates in m. This equation shows the capacitance is proportional to A and inverse proportional to d. (3) E is the work done in joules. If the charge Q is held constant, then V will vary as C changes because of their inverse proportional relationship. Then from, the relation between voltage and capacitor energy is squared rather than linear. As a result, the work done will increase as the C decrease. That provides the harvested energy. Similar thing happens when the voltage V is held constant and Q varies. [1] They are known as the voltage-constrained method and charge-constrained method. [6] In the recent applications, the charge-constrained method is more popular over the voltage-constrained method as the voltage-constrained method requires an extra charge reservoir to keep the voltage in a constant value, while the charge-constrained method only requires one. [4] For charge constrained system, as shown in Figure 1 the energy conversion cycle starts as the variable capacitance reaches it maximum Cmax. The charging process is represented by the path from point A to Point B in figure 1. At point B, the energy stored can be shown as, (4) From point B to point C, an external charge reservoir is connected in order to keep the charge constant. The capacitance is starting decreasing as the overlap area A decreases or the distance between the plates d increases. The voltage is inverse proportional to the capacitance which is why the voltage increases in this period. This period is the actual mechanical to electrical conversion period. The energy stored at point C is now, (5) The path from point C to point A is the discharging of the charge on the variable capacitor back into the charge reservoir The whole process forms a proper energy conversion cycle. And the amount of energy gain is, (6) Usually there is a parallel capacitor is connected parallel with the variable capacitor in order to limit the maximum voltage that might damage the system during the harvesting. Then the energy equation is becoming, (7) Figure 1. Charge-constrained energy conversion cycle. B. Steps of energy harvesting The vibration cycle in an electrostatic energy harvester has three steps, pre-charge, harvest and reset. Figure 2. Figure 2. vibration cycle of electrostatic harvester. In the system, the variable capacitor is pre-charged to the battery voltage, and then the capacitor is connected to the battery. The circuit has no current flow at first since the capacitor and battery have same voltage level. But with the separation of the capacitor plates or the decreases of overlap area, the voltage increases with the decrease of capacitance. Charge therefore flows into the batteries and energy is harvested. When the capacitance reaches minimum value, the energy left in the capacitor will be driven back to the batteries and ready for the next cycle. C. Basic Designs These three mechanisms in the figure 3 are the three basic design structures of the electrostatic harvesters, in-plane overlap converter, in-plane gap-closing converter and out-of-plane gap-closing converter. The in-plane overlap converter varies its capacitance by changing the overlap area between comb fingers; the in-plane gap-closing converter varies its capacitance by change the displacement between comb fingers and the out-of-plane gap closing converter varies its capacitance by change the gap between the centre proof mass and two electrode plates. The most of the current designs of electrostatic harvesters are based on these three basic designs. Figure 3. (a) in-plane overlap converter. (b) in-plane gap-closing converter. (c) out-of-plane gap closing converter. D. Comparison in these three designs Ye Mei Lim[8] did a study on the output energy for these three designs. Firstly the in-plane overlap and in-plane gap closing converters were compared. The Cmax for the one set of comb fingers were 0.122pF and the Cmin can be treat as zero since the application of silicon nitride dielectric coating which is a very thin layer of chemical (up to 0.1Â µm) that can electrically isolate the electrodes even the plates contacts with each other[4]. While using the same set of comb fingers, the Cmax were 0.149nF and Cmin were 0.122pF. By applying equation (7), the in-plane overlap converter harvests 1000 times less than in-plane gap closing converter. Then with the simulation of both in-plane gap closing converter and out-of-plane gap closing converter. The results were found out that the in-plane gap closing mechanism is approximately 1.8 times that of the out-of-plane gap closing mechanism for load volumes between 5 and 50. NEW APPRAOCHES A. 2D Electrostatic Harvester Most of the past electrostatic harvesters are only one degree of freedom. They can only harvest energy via one direction of motion. Y. Zhu fabricates a 2 degree of freedom electrostatic transducer for energy harvesting with resonance frequencies of 38520 Hz and 38725 Hz. It can scavenge energy in arbitrary directions in a plane with two resonance frequency peaks. Also an ultrasound-based method for powering the device is presented. Y. Zhus design includes a 2 degree of freedom motion mechanism. The seismic mass is coupled with both frames as shown in figure 3 with elastic flexures. This design makes the device be able to detect both movements in X and Y frames and also decouples the X and Y movements of the mass. Figure 4. Two degree of freedom motion mechanism to harvest any direction in-plane vibration energy Figure 5 shows the SEM image of the 2-DOF electrostatic transducer. And table I are the key parameters of this design. The width difference of X frame and Y frame gives the transducer two different resonance frequencies. The primary resonance frequency at 39238 Hz and second at 39266 Hz. That gives a 302 Hz of -10dB bandwidth. It is twice of the 1D resonator. This device can obtain 10mV through a 1M ohm resistive load and harvest 0.1 nW power. Since this transducer can be power by an ultrasonic generator of frequency close to its resonance frequency. Since the ultrasonic is relatively safer than other power sources. This design may be useful for functions in medical environment. Figure 5. SEM image of the 2-DOF electrostatic transducer. Table 1. key parameter of the 2-DOF energy harvester B. Non-Resonant electrostatic harvester with rolling mass M.E.Kiziroglous design [10-11] focuses on maximizing the proof mass. In this design, an external free rolling proof mass is introduced. The mechanical energy is proportional to the proof mass, bigger mass generates more energy. This design is a non-resonant device. This property gives it wider applications. Figure 6. (a) Device structure. (b) Equivalent circuit of the device The Device structure is shown in figure 6(a). Figure (b) is the equivalent circuit of the device. The stainless steel rod acts as the contact switches and comb finger. When the steel rod is aligned with one of the strip electrodes, it connects with a Cu input Contacts to pre-charge the rod. That generates an electrostatic force between the rod and the strip electrode. That pulls the rod away from the strip electrode and reduces the capacitance at constant charge. The rod then disconnects with the input contact and makes the contact with a discharge electrode. The energy will be transferred as a high voltage pulse. The test of the current prototype of this device reveals a capacitance ratio of 4 and demonstrates a voltage gain of 2.4. Later Kiziroglou provides an advanced design of that [12]. This time the glass substrate is form in a cylindrical shape. Figure 7 is fabrication and optical images of the device. The first prototype is characterised with plate size 1 x 10 mm and SiO2 dielectric thickness of 50 nm. A 10 mm-long, 2.5 mm-diameter steel rod was used. A minimum capacitance of 2 pF and a maximum of 9 pF are observed. The voltage gain is 3 corresponds to a priming voltage 30V. The power generation is 0.5Â µW when the rod oscillation frequency at 10 Hz. The biggest advantage of this device is the capability of low frequency. That makes the human body motion as a suitable motion sources for it. Figure 7. Fabrication and optical images conclusion The focus of this paper is to present the general idea current achievement of electrostatic energy harvesting. And it gives a related reference for the group project. For most of the electrostatic harvester designs, a relatively high resonant frequency comparing with human body motion is need. However, the low frequency capability of the non-resonant energy harvester with rolling mass shows the possibility of the application of this technology in the projects. Additionally, most of the current devices only have one degree of freedom. The 2D energy harvester design can harvest arbitrary directions motion in a plane, which sufficiently increases the power output of device. However, it needs a high frequency. That makes it not suitable for the requirement of the project.

Jays Treaty :: essays research papers

Jay's Treaty "If this country is preserved in tranquillity twenty years longer, it may bid defiance in a just cause to any power whatever; such in that time will be its popularity, wealth and resources," stated by George Washington in response to demonstrators over the Jay Treaty. 1 Washington's remark was regarding the public's uproar following the release of information on the status of the discord with Great Britain. The people had just been informed of the contents of the Jay Treaty which were: 1) Britain agreed to give up the fur posts in American territory, 2) Britain also agreed to submit to arbitration the questions of disputed boundaries, the damage done to American shipping, and the debts due to British merchants. Although the people did not like these terms, Washington supported them to prevent us from going to war. Washington made his first move by sending a delegate to England, and furthermore by standing up to congress to get this treaty ratified. He demonstrates again his great moral coura ge for the welfare of his country. Although Washington himself did not write the treaty he deserves all the credit for initiating it in the first place. The times had become rough with the British, and according to Hamilton the British were a vital part of our economy. He said " †¦the tax on imports furnished much of the money for paying off our foreign, domestic, and state debts." 2 Along with the British's impressment of American seamen and their role in our economy Washington knew something had to be done. Washington knew that the tension between America and England had to be thinned out so he decided to send over a special envoy. The individual chosen for the job was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Jay. John Jay had much experience in this department because he was the former Secretary for Foreign Affairs under the old Confederation. His objective was to make peace between the two countries. He was under instructions to make no commitment in violation of the treaties with France. Fortunately, Washington came to terms to do this, otherwise our infant country may never have grown into what it is today. This indubitably turned out to be one of Washington's bolder moves towards assisting his country. Another powerful move was demonstrated by Washington as he persuaded the Senate to ratify the treaty. The Jay Treaty was signed on November 19th , 1794, but was not ratified by the Senate until seven months later. "President George Washington's signing of the Jay Treaty provoked unimaginable criticism of his

Floods in South Africa

| 2013| | MASEGO MOCHOARI2008027750 | [GEO 234 :FLOODING IN SOUTH AFRICA]| THIS ASSIGNMENT GIVES AN OVERVIEW OF FLOODING AND ITS IMPACTS ON SOUTH AFRICA,THE ASSIGNMENT GIVES A BRIEF FORCUS OF FLOODING IN THE PROVINCE OF KWAZULU-NATAL|TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 DEFINING FLOODING 2 3 WHAT IS LA NINA 2 4 IMPACT OF FLOODS 2-3 5 MEASURES PUT IN PLACE TO HANDLE FLOODING 3 6 HUMAN IMPACT ON FLOODING 3-4 7 CONCLUSION 4 8 REFERENCE LIST 5 9 1. 1 INTRODUCTION La Nina influenced flooding took place in South Africa on January 24 of 2011. Heavy rain caused the widespread flooding in South Africa. This heavy rainfall is common during La Nina summers in South Africa. rainfall for the month of January had been reported to be nearly 10 times the average in parts of the country. Other countries besides South Africa had also been hit by heavy rain and La Nina was blamed for the flooding across Australia and the Philippines.More than 100 people lost their lives in floods that took pl ace across South Africa. The majority of the deaths were in KwaZulu-Natal and damages were estimated at R300 million. By the end of January ,heavy rain had been widespread across the country and eight of South Africa's nine provinces were declared disaster areas by the South African government. This assignment takes a look at what flooding is all about,it explains what La Nina is and looks at the impact floods have. This assignment focuses on flooding in South Africa with particular focus on flooding in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Sub-headings have been used for easy navigation of the assignment. 1. 2 DEFINING FLOODINGFlooding from a hydrological sense can be defined stricty as a rise,which is usually brief in the water level of a water body ,this water body can be a river,dam and accumulated rainwater in a failed drainage system. (national geographic) The term flood simply implies a progressive and abnormal increase in the elevation of surface level of a water body until it reac hes a maximum height,at this point the water level will slowly drop back to its normal level, at this point it is important to state that these actions that take place usually take place within a certain period of time,therefore floods are episodic events where water rises and then eventually drops back to its normal surface level.Another characteristic of flooding is that flooding may result in the overflowing of water onto areas which are not normally submerged in water. (national geographic) 1. 3 WHAT IS LA Nina La Nina conditions occur when Pacific trade winds blow stronger than usual, this pushes sun-warmed surface water further west and increases the upwelling of cold water in eastern regions. Together with the atmospheric effects of southern oscillation, cooler water brings drought to western South America and heavy rains to south Africa ,eastern Australia and Indonesia. (national geographic) 1. 4 IMPACT OF FLOODS South Africa is a producer of corn, soybeans, and wheat.Farmer s usually welcome wetter-than-normal conditions, However the heavy rains that took place were so harsh they damaged crops. In addition to the damaged crop,field harvesting was at a halt as the fields were saturated . (south African health review) Such conditions have a negative impact on south Africa’s economy,this is because as a result of the floods damaging crops a shortage would take place,this means that less exports of crop products took place,in addition to that crop product prices would also have to go up in attempt to cover the cost of damages that took place. In the opinion of this assignment,it seems that flooding as is a disaster that can be both natural or human action related,has the same effect on every class of people ,it oes not choose nor hit poor areas or rich areas only . floods are spontaneous and will affect everyone that happens to be in the region of the flood . 1. 5 MEASURES PUT IN PLACE TO HANDLE FLOODING When we come to the topic of handling floodin g we need to introduce the concept of disaster management. a disaster can be caused by human or nature,they are events that are sometimes unpredictable,it is therefore essential for governments to manage all disatsers that occure. for this reason,distaster management planning should be a key point of any government. Disaster management aims to reduce the occurrence of disasters and to reduce the impact of those that cannot be prevented . he government white paper and act on disaster management define the roles of local authorities as well as provincial and notional government in disaster management. (government Gazzet) In accordance with the white paper and act on disaster management,every municipality should have a disaster management plan as part of their integrated development plan. having plans is place helps reduce the damage potential of disasters and in some cases results in the prevention of a disaster. (disaster management act) Protection services departments ,which deal wi th traffic policing, fire brigades and law enforcement should always be on high alert when disasters strike,this implies that they should always be on stand-by. disaster management act) When disasters such as flooding occur and exceeds the capacity of a local authority;district ,provincial or national parties should be notified. this means that any situation that is too lanrge for a local authority to handle should be reported. by doing this ,doors become open for parties such as volunteer organisations such as the Red cross,St Johns and national Sea rescue to give help where needed. (disaster management act) In summary,disaster management activities ,include the co-ordination of disaster response agents,a compilation and exercising of plans and disaster management education and training. When all the above mentioned are put into action properly,it becomes an effective way to handle disasters such as flooding. 1. 6 HUMAN IMPACT ON FLOODINGAs stated earlier in this assignment,disaste rs do not only occur natural ,human impact or behaviour can also cause a disaster ,this assignment is of the opinion that the following points which focus on human activities and actions that can cause flooding are the main human reasons why floods can occur: * The diversion of all water to rivers through drainage systems can cause rivers to overflow. this is because water is transported at a faster rate through drainage systems than it would if the water flowed naturally. * Cities and towns are man-made,they have a lot of buildings ,tarred roads and concrete pavements. this limits the amount of water that can be soaked and absorbed into the ground. Humans cut down forests; as a result loose soils run into the river,this causes a rising of the river bed,when this happens the chances of flooding increases as the carrying capacity of the river is decreased. * Architects and urban planners tend to straighten rivers in an attempt to control flooding,However as the river no longer meande r, further down the stream water suddenly slows down and this causes flooding 1. 7 CONCLUSION in conclusion,it is clear that flooding is a serious disaster that can cause both economic and structural damage. flooding in the KwaZulu-Natal province left farmers with damaged crops and also took the lives of many south Africans.It is also evident that if disaster management plans are put in place,the effects of flooding can be decreased especially if proper planning is done in reference to human causes of flooding. This assignment ,with all the above information given thought,concludes that in the case of KwaZulu-Natal and human impact on flooding,floods could have been avoided or at the very least the impacts thereof could have been lessened. REFERENCE LIST Cape Metropolitan Council Public Safety Advisories. frequently asked questions on disaster management. South African health review,2000. Chapter 24-disaster management. [Online:27th March 2013] http://www. etu. org. a/toolbox/docs/g overnment/disaster. html Government Gazzet. vol 403 ,No 19676,15 January 1999,white paper on disaster management,Ministry for provincial affairs and constitutional development,January 1999. Act 156(1) of the constitution [Online: 27th March 2013] http:www. ndmc. gov. za/portals/0//webdocuments/guidelines/DM/1_2_3. htm Government Gazzet. vol 451,No 24252,15 January 2002,Disaster Management Act. Cape Town. Act 57 of the constitution [Online:27th March 2013] http:www. ndmc. gov. za/portals/0//webdocuments/guidelines/DM/1_2_3. htm National Georaphic. [Online:27th March 2013] http:/environment,nationalgeographic. com/environment/natural-disaster/floods-profile/

Preparing for the SAT How Many Hours is Enough

Preparing for the SAT How Many Hours is Enough SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Students online considering preparing for the SAT generally all have one big question: how many hours should I study for the SAT? When does prepping for the SAT become a waste of time? The short answer is that every hour helps, and unless you've already studied for 100 hours or more, it's not a waste of time yet. Why do you think that is? Why Students Need to Spend More Time Studying for the SAT The answer from research, from experience, from teachers and college counselers is absolutely clear. It's the natural combination of two factors. The first is that the SAT is so important in your life. A 100 point increase on average doubles your chance of getting into any given college, and raises your lifetime salary by $44,000. For almost all students, the value of increasing your SAT score is immense. The second reason is because the SAT is so studiable. A recent report shows that as few as 10 hours of focused studying can improve your SAT score by dozens of points. Students in any old SAT prep course improve their score by over a hundred points easily. In fact, we ourselves are so confident in your ability to improve (and the quality of our product) that PrepScholar even guarantee 160+ points on our online SAT prep program. You do the math: a better college, and a lifetime salary increase of $44k just for a few dozen hours of studying and spending a few hundred dollars on a good program. It'll be the best investment of time and money you've made in your life! Surely There's a Limit to the Benefits of SAT Study, Though? Yes, there is a limit, but for most people, the limit is their own willpower, motivation, and free time. In another blog post, I give some tips for overcoming these limitations. But suffice it to say, for almost all students, further studying will help. In fact, as a rule of thumb you should not even consider the possibility that you are studying too much unless you've hit the 100 hour mark. Students looking for a low benchmark so they can wing the SAT won't find solace in the facts above, but they are what they are. The SAT is important, and studying at the margin helps, even when you've already studied a lot. How to Tell You've Studied Enough First, if your score is 1520 or above, you've studied enough, even if you don't get perfect. I'll go into it in another blog post, but long story short, the difference between 1520 and 1600 often is just sampling noise. Second, the following only applies if you've studied more than 100 hours. If you have not studied 100 hours, do not pass go, do not collect $200, do not use the reasons below as excuses to stop studying. Likely they don't apply because you haven't even found your best way of preparing for the SAT yet. Third, a sign that you've studied enough is that you score has not improved by more than 40 points in the last forty hours of studying. Fourth, you might have studied enough if you're trying many different ways of studying (improving vocab, doing real practice, taking an online course, etc) and still don't improve. Found this article useful? Get a lot more helpful with our Free SAT Ebook!

Find an Antipode on the Opposite Side of Earth

Find an Antipode on the Opposite Side of Earth An antipode is the point on the opposite side of the Earth from another point - the place youd end up if you were able to dig directly through the Earth. Unfortunately, if you try to dig to China from most places in the U.S., you would end up in the Indian Ocean as the Indian Ocean contains most of the antipodes for the United States. How to Find an Antipode When locating your antipode, recognize that youll be flipping hemispheres in two directions. If youre in the Northern Hemisphere then your antipode will be in the Southern Hemisphere. And, if youre in the Western Hemisphere then your antipode will be in the Eastern Hemisphere.   Here are some steps to manually compute an antipode.   Take the  latitude  of the place for which you want to find the antipode and convert it to the opposite hemisphere. Well use Memphis as an example. Memphis is located at approximately 35 ° North latitude. The antipode of Memphis will be at 35 ° South latitude.Take the  longitude  of the place for which you want to find the antipode and subtract the longitude from 180. Antipodes are always 180 ° of longitude away. Memphis is located at approximately 90 ° West longitude, so we take 180-9090. This new 90 ° we convert to degrees East (from the Western Hemisphere to the Eastern Hemisphere, from degrees west of Greenwich to degrees east of Greenwich) and we have our location of Memphis antipode - 35 °S 90 °E, which is in the Indian Ocean far to the west of Australia. Digging Through the Earth From China So where exactly are the antipodes of China? Well, lets compute the antipode of Beijing. Beijing is located at approximately 40 ° North and 117 ° East. So with step one above, we are looking for an antipode that is 40 ° South (converting from Northern Hemisphere to Southern Hemisphere). For step two we want to move from the Eastern Hemisphere to the Western Hemisphere and subtract 117 ° East from 180 and the result is 63 ° West. Therefore, the antipode of Beijing is located in South America, near Bahia Blanca, Argentina. Antipodes of Australia   How about Australia? Lets take an interestingly named place right in the middle of Australia - Oodnadatta, South Australia. It is the home of the highest recorded temperature on the continent. Its located near 27.5 ° South and 135.5 ° East. So were converting from Southern Hemisphere to Northern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere to Western Hemisphere. From step one above we turn 27.5 ° South to 27.5 ° North and take 180-135.544.5 ° West. Therefore the antipode of Oodnadatta is located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Tropical Antipode The antipode of  Honolulu, Hawaii, located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean is located in Africa. Honolulu is located near 21 ° North and 158 ° West. Thus the antipode of Honolulu is located at 21 ° South and (180-158) 22 ° East. That antipode of 158 ° West and 22 ° East is in the middle of Botswana. Both locations are within the tropics but Honolulu is located near the Tropic of Cancer while Botswana lies along the Tropic of Capricorn.   Polar Antipodes Finally, the antipode of the North Pole is the South Pole and vice-versa. Those antipodes are the easiest on the Earth to determine. Dont want to do the math yourself? Check out​ this  Antipodes Map.

Respiration and Diffusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Respiration and Diffusion - Essay Example The word equation is as follows: glucose   Ã‚   >   Ã‚   lactic acid (+ energy) A smaller amount of energy is liberated by anaerobic respiration compared to aerobic respiration. NB: Energy is indicated in brackets in each equation since it is not a chemical substance. Diffusion on the other hand is the movement of molecules of a particular substance from a region of reasonably high concentration to that of lesser concentration(wiki.answers.com ) The aspects that control the speed of diffusion consist of surface area, concentration gradient, and diffusion distance. Animals have developed to increase the diffusion speed across respiratory membranes by increase of the respiratory surface area, concentration gradient, or reducing the distance of diffusion. They are illustrated by Fick’s Law as follows: Fick’s Law of Diffusion: It states that: The speed of transmission of a gas through an area of tissue is proportional to the tissue area and the variation in gas partial pressure between the 2 sides and inversely proportional to the tissue thickness.(source) Volume of gas (per unit time)=Area/Thickness x Diffusion constant x (Partial Pressure 1 - Partial Pressure 2) dV/dt = A/T * D * (P1 - P2) Fick's Law of Diffusion looks at the rate of transfer of gases through tissues. For instance in respiration, the law governs the rate of transfer of Oxygen that comes from alveoli to the blood through the thin blood gas obstacle, and Carbon Dioxide in the reverse direction. (Karp, 2010). The outcome of this correlation is that the Carbon Dioxide will diffuse about 20 times more quickly compared to Oxygen through the tissue areas. This variation is as a result of the solubility of Carbon Dioxide being elevated and therefore raising the diffusion constant. The diffusion constant is relative to the solubility divided by the molecular weight square root. The Fick’s law equation can be practical to different localities and elements of a tissue. Diffusion of gas across thicker parts of tissue will reduce gas diffusion time contrasting to thinner tissue. In addition, bigger area influences the speed of diffusion, by presenting a raise in the volume of gas diffused (Sherwood, 2007). Respiratory system organs Respiration is attained through one’s mouth, nose, trachea, lungs and diaphragm. Oxygen gets into the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen then goes to the larynx and the trachea. In the chest opening, the trachea divides into two lesser tubes known as the bronchi. Every then splits again to form the bronchial tubes which go to the lungs where they split into several lesser tubes which attach to alveoli. The oxygen that is taken in pass through the alveoli then diffuses through the capillaries into the blood in the artery. Temporarily, the polluted blood from the veins liberates its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. Carbon dioxide takes the same course out of the lungs when one breathes out. A diaphragm assists in pumping carbon dioxide outside the lungs and draws oxygen into the lungs. As it relaxes and contracts, respiration occurs. It is by this means that one breathes in and out. Circulatory system The system includes the heart and the blood vessels and circulates blood all through the body. An individual’s body has approximately 5 liters of blood constantly circulating through the circulatory system.

Koreas High Context Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Koreas High Context Culture - Assignment Example The paper tells about countries that present with high context cultures particularly about Korea, wherein individuals connote extensive networks among groups, peers and family members. Studies concerning intercultural communication indicated that mostly Eastern countries, particularly Asian cultures, pose heavy direction in accordance with high-context data, an example would be the languages used in Asian countries that profuse subtlety. Apart from the language, another notable factor is the non-verbal communication prevalent among Asian cultures that are deemed indirect as opposed to those in Western cultures. Another factor that contributes to the high context nature of Korea is their predilection towards Confucianism, which promotes egalitarianism. In this regard, Koreans are more inclined to preserve harmony than defend a stance, in order to preserve the credibility of the other party. A study made by Korea UNESCO presented that in spite of the global exposure of Koreans, they ar e still dominated with a high context culture. Korean traditions are continuously upheld and the Confucian principles of harmony, preserving other's credibility and not sticking out are still widely employed within Korean Society. With that in mind, there are several critical considerations to take before an individual from a low-context culture goes to Korea and communicates with local Koreans. This is very important because culture differences are at large and communication misinterpreted due to the variance in practice. (Kramsch 2001; Korea UNESCO 2002). Korea’s High Context Culture High context cultures can be challenging to penetrate, especially external parties due to the fact that no cultural context information is internally available and it is not possible to immediately build close connections among individuals as their bonds are formed over a long period Korea UNESCO (2002) High Context implies that the bulk of information can either be present in physical context or the message, while some are present in the explicit part of the message that has been conveyed (Mead 1998). In essence, it is of utmost importance to identify the cultural origin of the person you are speaking with to avoid misunderstanding (Kent 2002). One important factor in communicating and understanding Koreans is to place value on "how" the message was delivered. The manner in which the message has been stated does not solely attribute to the voice tone and the non-verbal messages, but also on the spatial and

Culture Shock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture Shock - Essay Example Often, the way that we lived before, is not accepted or considered as normal, in the new place’. The cultural shock experienced by the diverse communities in the current multicultural society due to widely disparate socio-cultural values, is one of the most important factors that needs to be fully understood in the broader context. The changing values necessitate development of a new social order which would not only embrace multi cultural values but help forge a universal bond that would transcend national and religious boundaries for peaceful co-existence. Gender inequality and outlook towards casual sex are two of the most important cultural factors of the conservative cultures of the South-East Asian countries. When people from these countries travel to the West, especially America, they experience cultural shock. America is a land of opportunity and is characterized by its ever expanding diverse cultural paradigms. The democratic values are more emphatically visible here through equality between the genders and freedom of informed choices. The opportunities to exert those choices are openly practiced with societal support that an Indian immigrant, initially finds hard to accept. The language barriers, rules and regulations, food etc are other factors that make it difficult for them to overcome. It is important to understand that dapting to different environment is a gradual process that happens in phases. Before completely getting acculturized, factors like social networking and learning the language of the host country facilitates adjustment.

Back yard burgers †the business model Essay Example for Free

Back yard burgers – the business model Essay

Tale Of Two Cities :: essays research papers

Noble or Suicidal People often give up their life to save another as an act of courage or valiancy. In the novel Tale of Two Cities, Sidney Carton’s death saved Charles Darnay. However, when Carton gave his life it was not a noble act nor did he die merely to save Darnay. Carton committed suicide to immortalize himself in the eyes of Lucie Manette, Charles Darnay’s wife and Sidney Carton’s obsession. The fact that this event saved Charles Darnay’s life was just a fortunate coincidence. Ever since Carton was first introduced in the novel the author established that he was a drunk and a failure. Mr. Striver pointed out to Sidney Carton that his alcohol problem was interfering with his success as a lawyer. One time while with Lucie, Sidney Carton said that he would give his life to make her happy. He was dedicated to Lucie even though he could not have her for his wife. The main reason Carton committed suicide was because his life was going nowhere. In fact, if his life was moving in any direction it was down. He was a sad excuse for a lawyer. Lucie was married and had a child. The woman he loved pitied him. Yet Carton had a pathetic need to be around Lucie. For example, he swore that he would come visit Lucie and her kids frequently. The major reasons for Sidney Carton’s death revolved around Lucie Manette. Chances are Sidney would have given up alcohol if he could have married Lucie. He most likely would have become a prosperous lawyer if he needed to support a family. Carton would not have been the â€Å"jackal† anymore, as described by his law partner Mr. Striver. One might think that if Carton cleaned up his act he could have convinced Lucie to be his wife. The opinion Lucie had towards Carton may have been different if he was a successful lawyer and not an alcoholic. The reader is unaware if Carton was ever a successful lawyer. The novel starts off too late in Sidney Carton’s life to determine if his alcoholism was caused by the rejection of Lucie.

Iliad :: essays papers

Iliad Achilles’ Anger and Unreconciliation: Reassessing the Concepts of Mortality and Honor The subject of Homer’s epic poem, the Iliad, is very clearly stated--it is â€Å"the rage of Peleus’ son Achilles.† The reader remains continually aware of the extent of Achilles’ rage, yet is never told the reason why Achilles remains angry and unreconciled. There is no definitive answer to this question. Achilles is not a static character. He is constantly changing; thus the question of why he remains angry solicits different answers at various stages throughout the poem. To find an answer, the reader must carefully examine Achilles’ ever-changing dilemma involving the concepts of mortality and honor. At its simplest, Achilles’ dilemma is that if he goes to war, he will die. But he will die with glory. Achilles’ true nature is that of a warrior. The son of Peleus must fight. When he denounces Agamemnon and the Achaeans, he does not go home. His ship is last in line, near Troy. Subconsciously, he has already made the choice of accepting a short life filled with glory. Subconsciously, he wants to go back to war. He needs to. However, he also needs to insure his possession of glory and honor. But what kind of glory, what kind of honor? He already possesses the honor of the gods. He says, â€Å"my honor lies in the great decree of Zeus†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (IX.741.p.272). By book IX, material wealth is no longer what Achilles wants. He spurns Agamemnon’s offers. The typical mortal concepts of heroism no longer concern him; his ideals differ from those of his peers. Phoenix’s Meleager is no example to him. However, at this point Achilles still does not know what he wants. Pride and stubbornness still supplement his rage, but now his anger appears to be a manifest ation of his fear and confusion—â€Å"Stop confusing my fixed resolve with this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (IX.745-746.p.272). Achilles knows that he wants honor and glory, but in what form? What Achilles does know, and what he must deal with, is the fact that his life will be short if he chooses to have honor and glory. Thus, the choices he makes concerning his honor are crucial. At this point his life is riding on the decision he makes. It is inevitable that Achilles will choose door #2--to go to war, live a short life, and have much glory.

Tangible Non-Current Assets

Q1. Use the information given below. What will be the total capitalized cost with respect to new business (Answer in $000)? (FIB)Land $6,000,000Inspection Officer $200,000Architecture Design $100,000Labour Wages $1,200,000Material Cost $2,500,000Administration Cost $400,000Property Tax $300,000Site Overheads $150,00037147528384500$ (2 marks) Q2. Siva Co took some loans from the bank at the start of the year 2010 which are as follows: 6% loan repayable in 2011 of $8m & a 9% loan repayable in 2015 of $18m. A construction of a qualifying asset began on 5th April 2010 with the withdrawal of $3m of funds. On 12th August 2010, another $4m was withdrawn for the qualifying asset. What will be the capitalized borrowing cost at the end of the year 2010? (MCQ) $181,800$216,467$316,467$533,851(2 marks) Q3. Relay Co borrowed $60,000 to finance the construction of a shop. Construction will commence in two years' time. The loan was taken on 1st January 2001 but the construction began on 1st March 2001. $13,000 of the loan was unused until 1st July 2001 and instead of keeping it idle Relay Co invested the amount with 3% return. The interest payable for the company is at 10% per annum. Calculate the cost to be capitalized for the year ended on December 2001? (MCQ)$4,800$4,870$5,130$6,000(2 marks) Q4. To operate a local locomotive the government has applied a restriction that in every two years the wheels of the locomotive has to be replaced. This replacement will cost $1.9 million. How should the replacement cost be treated? (MCQ)The cost should be taken into profit ; loss account when it is incurred The cost should be accrued over the two years ; accounted for the maintenance costThe cost should be provided in advance ; accounted for under the maintenance costCapitalize the cost ; depreciate it over the two years until next time(2 marks) Q5. Trivial Co has purchased an asset worth $375,000 on 1st January 2000 ; its useful life is stated at 20 years. A revaluation was taken place on 31st March 2002 where the assets worth increased to $390,000. What will be the total depreciation charged on the asset for the year ended 31st December 2002? (MCQ)$4,687$16,479$21,167$23,872(2 marks) Q6. Accenture Co has rented its office building to 3rd party on 30th June 2020. The company uses the fair valuation model for investment property. Buildings original cost valued at $500,000 on 1st January 2012 ; total life were 25 years. A fair value was obtained on the rented day which valued the building at $400,600. At the year-end of 2020, the fair value of the building was $850,000. What will be the revaluation gain/loss on 31st December 2020? (MCQ)$50,000 (Loss)$70,600 (Gain)$170,00 (Gain)$203,100 (Loss)(2 marks) Q7. Hexcentric inaugurated a plant on 1st July 2016. The plant was expected to run for four years until 30th June 2020. After the expected life the plant would be decommissioned and the land will be restored close to its original state. The cost of decommissioning was expected to be $6 million in four years. This estimate was calculated on 1st July 2016. To calculate the present value the company will use an 8% discount rate where the discount factor for year four is 0.735. Calculate the total charge for the cost to be taken into year-end 30th June 2017 profit ; loss account? (MCQ)$352,800$1,102,500$1,455,300$2,088,000(2 marks) Q8. The following statements relate to revaluation. (HA) The entire class of PPE has to be revalued whenever a single equipment in the respective class undergoes revaluation TRUE FALSEIf a revaluation model is used revaluation must be made regularly to ensure carrying amount has a material difference from the fair value TRUE FALSE(2 marks) Q9. Pang Co has purchased a property worth $7 million on 1st January 2013. The land valued at $3 million. The building total life was 20 years with no residual value. On 31st December 2015, the property was revalued to $9 million where the building valued at $5.184 million. The property was fully sold on 30th December 2017 for $6.5 million. Calculate the gain/loss on disposal which will be accounted for profit ; loss? (MCQ) $1,924,000 (Loss)$3,816,000 (Loss)$4,608,000 (Gain)$2,824,000 (Gain)(2 marks) Q10. Which of the following statements are correct in relation to government grants? (MRQ)A government grant is recognized in the profit ; loss over an assets useful lifeA repayment of a government grant received in previous years is a prior period adjustmentA marketing advice from the government does not constitute under the definition of government grantThe grant received for an asset must be excluded from the carrying amount of the asset (2 marks) Q11. A company has inaugurated a new plant with the help of a government grant of $20,000. The life of the plant is five years. Other than granting the installed equipment in the plant cost $90,000. All equipment is depreciated at 20% per annum on a straight-line basis. Calculate the value of government grant taken into Year 1 current liability using deferred income method? (MCQ)$4,000$16,000$18,000$20,000(2 marks) Q12. A company issued loan notes for $200,000 on 1st January 2008. On the same day, the company used the money to buy an investment property. At the year-end, the fair value of the property had risen to $400,000 with a remaining life of ten years. The company uses the fair value model for all properties. Which of the values will be accounted in the year's profit ; loss account? (MCQ)Gain $200,000, Depreciation $40,000Gain $0, Depreciation $40,000Gain $200,000, Depreciation $0Gain $200,000, Depreciation $20,000(2 marks) Q13. Zima Co took some loans from the bank at the start of the year 2015 which are as follows: 9% loan repayable in 2016 of $11m ; a 13% loan repayable in 2020 of $29m. A construction of a qualifying asset began on 5th April 2015 with the withdrawal of $8m of funds. On 12th August 2015, another $9m was withdrawn for the qualifying asset. What will be the capitalized borrowing cost at the end of the year 2015? (MCQ) $267,750$446,250$714,000$1,160,250(2 marks) Q14. Olay Co borrowed $25,000 to finance the construction of a plant. Construction will commence in two years' time. The loan was taken on 1st January 2013 but the construction began on 1st March 2013. $6,000 of the loan was unused until 1st July 2013 and instead of keeping it idle Olay Co invested the amount with 7% return. The interest payable for the company is at 15% per annum. Calculate the cost to be capitalized for the year ended on December 2013? (FIB)3613151270000$ (2 marks) Q15. Plato Co has purchased an asset worth $258,990 on 1st January 2008 ; its useful life is stated at twenty years. A revaluation was taken place on 31st March 2010 where the assets worth increased to $310,000. What will be the total depreciation charged on the asset for the year ended 31st December 2010 nearest to $000? (FIB)3613151270000$ (2 marks) Q16. Ventura Co has rented one its properties to a 3rd party on 30th June 2010. The company uses the fair valuation model as an investment property. Property's original cost valued at $800,800 on 1st January 2002 ; total life was 50 years. A fair value was obtained on the rented day which valued the building at $750,500. At the year-end of 2010, the fair value of the building was $1,150,000. What will be the revaluation gain at 31st December 2010? (FIB)3613151270000$ (2 marks) Q17. Boric Co opened a machine on 1st July 2006. The plant was expected to run for four years until 30th June 2010. After the expected life the machine would be decommissioned and the area will be restored nearest to its original state. The cost of decommissioning was expected to be $3.3 million in four years. This estimate was calculated on 1st July 2006. To calculate the present value the company will use a 12% discount rate. Calculate the total charge for the cost to be taken into year-end 30th June 2007 profit ; loss account? (MCQ)$251,856$272,844$524,700$776,556(2 marks) Q18. Bing Co has purchased a land ; building worth $12 million on 1st January 2005. The land valued at $4 million. The buildings total life was ten years with no residual value. On 31st December 2007, the land ; building were revalued to $16 million where the land valued at $6.75 million. The land ; building was fully sold by 30th December 2009 for $10.5 million. Calculate the gain/loss on disposal? (MCQ) $4,472,000 (Loss)$1,600,000 (Loss)$1,028,000 (Gain)$5,600,000 (Gain)(2 marks) Q19. Jazzy Co has opened a new factory with the help of a government grant of $580,600. The life of the plant is fifteen years. Other than granting the installed equipment in the plant cost $20,400. All equipment is depreciated at 25% per annum on reducing balance basis. Calculate the value of government grant taken into Year 1 current liability using deferred income method? (MCQ)$15,300$20,400$145,150$150,250(2 marks)TANGIBLE NON-CURRENT ASSETS (ANSWERS)Q1. $10,150 Capitalized Cost = 6,000 + 200 + 100 + 1,200 + 2,500 + 150 = $10,150 Q2. CInterest = (8 Ãâ€" 6%) = 0.48 + (18 Ãâ€" 9%) = 1.62 = 2.1(2.1 à · 26) Ãâ€" 100 = 8.08%3,000,000 Ãâ€" 8.08% Ãâ€" 9/12 = 181,8004,000,000 Ãâ€" 8.08% Ãâ€" 5/12 = 134,667Total = 181,800 + 134,667 = $316,467 Q3. B60,000 Ãâ€" 10% Ãâ€" 10/12 = 5,00013,000 Ãâ€" 3% Ãâ€" 4/12 = (130)Total = 5,000 – 130 = $4,870 Q4. DThis is known as overhauling where maintenance, inspection or any repair is required. It is capitalized in the asset ; depreciated over its useful life in this case the life of wheels. Q5. CDepreciation till 31st March = (375,000 à · 20) = 18,750 Ãâ€" 3/12 = $4,687Years = 20 – 2.25 = 17.75 remainingDepreciation till 31st December = (390,000 à · 17.75) = 21,972 Ãâ€" 9/12 = $16,479Total = 4,687 + 16,479 = $21,167 Q6. BDepreciation = (500,000 à · 25) Ãâ€" 8.5 = 170,000Cost – Depreciation = 500,000 – 170,000 = 330,000Revaluation Gain = 400,600 – 330,000 = 70,600 Q7. CDepreciation = 6,000,000 Ãâ€" 0.735 = 4,410,000 à · 4 = 1,102,500 Finance Cost = 4,410,000 Ãâ€" 8% = 352,800Total = 1,102,500 + 352,800 = $1,455,300 Q8.The entire class of PPE has to be revalued whenever a single equipment in the respective class undergoes revaluation TRUE If a revaluation model is used revaluation must be made regularly to ensure carrying amount has a material difference from the fair value FALSEThe difference between carrying amount ; the fair value should be immaterial when applying revaluation model. Q9. AWorkings are done in $000.Depreciation (Building) = (4,000 à · 20) Ãâ€" 2 = 400Cost = 7,000 – 400 = 6,600 Revalued to 9,000 with gain of 2,400Depreciation (Building) = (5,184 à · 18) Ãâ€" 2 = 576Building value = 5,184 – 576 = 4,608Property value = (4,608 Building) + (3,816 Land) = 8,424Loss on disposal = 8,424 – 6,500 = 1,924 Q10.A government grant is recognized in the profit ; loss over an assets useful life (Correct)A repayment of a government grant received in previous years is a prior period adjustment; all adjustments are to be dealt prospectively A marketing advice from the government does not constitute under the definition of government grant (Correct)The grant received for an asset must be excluded from the carrying amount of the asset; a deferred income method can be used also Q11. AThe deferred income method:Year 0Equipment Dr. (90+20) $110,000Bank Cr $90,000Government Grant Cr $20,000Year 1Depreciation for equipment = 110,000 Ãâ€" 20% = $22,000Government Grant = 20,000 Ãâ€" 20% = $4,000 (Current Liability) Q12. CThe gain of $200,000 will be recorded as in fair value model no depreciation is charged. Q13.Interest = (11 Ãâ€" 9%) = 0.99 + (29 Ãâ€" 13%) = 3.77 = 4.76(4.76 à · 40) Ãâ€" 100 = 11.9%8,000,000 Ãâ€" 11.9% Ãâ€" 9/12 = 714,0009,000,000 Ãâ€" 11.9% Ãâ€" 5/12 = 446,250Total = 714,000 + 446,250 = $1,160,250Q14. $2,98525,000 Ãâ€" 15% Ãâ€" 10/12 = 3,1256,000 Ãâ€" 7% Ãâ€" 4/12 = (140)Total = 3,125 – 140 = $2,985 Q15. $16,300Depreciation till 31st March = (258,990 à · 20) = 12,950 Ãâ€" 3/12 = $3,238Years = 20 – 2.25 = 17.75 remainingDepreciation till 31st December = (310,000 à · 17.75) = 17,465 Ãâ€" 9/12 = $13,099Total = 3,238 + 13,099 = $16,337Nearest to $000 = $16,300 Q16. $85,836Depreciation = (800,800 à · 50) Ãâ€" 8.5 = 136,136Cost – Depreciation = 800,800 – 136,136 = 664,664Revaluation Gain = 750,500 – 664,664 = $85,836 Q17. DDepreciation = 3,300,000 Ãâ€" 0.636 = 2,098,800 à · 4 = 524,700 Finance Cost = 2,098,800 Ãâ€" 12% = 251,856Total = 524,700 + 251,856 = $776,556 Q18. AWorkings are done in $000.Depreciation (Building) = (8,000 à · 10) Ãâ€" 2 = 1,600Cost = 12,000 – 1,600 = 10,400 Revalued to 16,000 with gain of 5,600Depreciation (Building) = (9,250 à · 18) Ãâ€" 2 = 1,028Building value = 9,250 – 1,028 = 8,222Land ; Building value = (8,222 Building) + (6,750 Land) = 14,972Loss on disposal = 14,972 – 10,500 = 4,472 Q19. CThe deferred income method:Year 0Equipment Dr. (580,600 + 20,400) $601,000Bank Cr $20,400Government Grant Cr $580,600Year 1Depreciation for equipment = 601,000 Ãâ€" 25% = $150,250Government Grant = 580,600 Ãâ€" 25% = $145,150 (Current Liability)